Antonio Gramsci, an Italian Marxist philosopher and political theorist, is known for his concept that "all men are philosophers." This statement reflects his belief that every person, regardless of their background or education, engages in philosophical thinking to some extent as they navigate their daily lives and make sense of the world around them.
Gramsci argued that philosophy is not limited to the work of professional philosophers or scholars but is a common activity that occurs within society. People form their beliefs, values, and worldviews through their experiences, interactions, and reflections, which, in essence, constitutes a form of philosophy. He believed that individuals develop their own ideas about morality, politics, culture, and society, even if they are not formally trained in philosophy.
Gramsci's concept of "all men are philosophers" is closely tied to his broader ideas about ideology and hegemony. He argued that dominant social groups use their control over cultural and educational institutions to promote their own worldviews and values, which can become the prevailing ideology in society. In this context, Gramsci believed that it was essential for subordinated or marginalized groups to engage in critical thinking and develop their own counter-hegemonic ideologies to challenge the status quo and work towards social change.
In summary, when Gramsci says "all men are philosophers," he means that everyone engages in philosophical thinking to some extent in their everyday lives, shaping their beliefs and perceptions of the world. This concept underscores the importance of recognizing the role of ideology in society and the potential for individuals and groups to challenge dominant ideologies through critical reflection and the development of alternative worldviews.